Comparative Study on the Protective Performance of Firefighting Gear Under Wildland Firefighting Conditions

In South Korea, firefighters are increasingly involved in wildland fire suppression, despite a dual-response system between the Korea Forest Service and National Fire Agency. This leads to significant physical and thermal stresses, highlighting the need for lightweight and breathable protective gear. In this study, we compared the thermal protection and burn risk of three firefighting clothing configurations under simulated wildland fire conditions using a horizontal wind tunnel. Oak logs and pine needles were used as ignition sources to reflect radiant heat, firebrands, and flame contact, as defined in NFPA 1144. The tested conditions included (1) full turnout gear, (2) outer shell only, and (3) wildland firefighting gear. The increase in temperature in key body regions on a mannequin was measured. The results revealed thermal blocking efficiencies of 64% (outer + inner), 51% (outer only), and 43% (wildfire protective suit). Although wildland gear improves mobility, its thermal protection is limited. Appropriate gear guidelines should be established based on task intensity and heat exposure during wildland firefighting.