Evaluating Lightscape Perception in Urban Parks: A Fuzzy Comprehensive Approach with Case Study of Shuixi Park, Tianjin

The visual perception of lightscapes in urban parks plays a pivotal role in shaping the quality of recreational experiences. Scientifically delineating the key perceptual components and cultivating visually compelling lightscape environments is essential for enhancing public engagement with urban green spaces. However, extant research often lacks a comprehensive identification of lightscape elements, leading to insufficiently targeted and fragmented design strategies. Furthermore, the sociocultural and psychological dimensions of light perception remain underexplored, with limited attention to human–environment interaction. To address this gap, the present study introduces a multi-dimensional lightscape perception evaluation system grounded in fuzzy set theory, encompassing 19 indicators across social, spatial, and experiential domains. Taking Shuixi Park in Tianjin as an empirical case, expert-based weighting and a structured questionnaire (N = 177) were employed to derive a composite satisfaction score of 3.969 (out of 5), with the experiential domain (e.g., light sensitivity, dynamism) achieving the highest score (4.311). The findings inform design strategies aimed at enhancing perceptual and environmental quality in urban parks and provide a theoretical foundation for the systematic integration of perceptual insights into visual landscape planning.