A multi-factor framework for transformational government in Tanzania: an empirical analysis of implementation determinants

Transformational government (T-Gov) represents an advanced stage of electronic government (e-Gov), designed to deliver proactive, predictive, and integrated public services. Governments worldwide are increasingly adopting T-Gov to enhance digital governance and service delivery. However, despite significant investments in digital transformation, its implementation in developing countries, including Tanzania, remains challenging. This study develops and empirically tests a multi-factor framework for implementing T-Gov in Tanzania by identifying key determinants influencing its adoption and effectiveness. A quantitative approach was employed, utilising structural equation modelling (SEM) to analyse survey data from a randomly collected sample of 1370 Tanzanian e-service users. The findings indicate that a framework comprising seven key factors effectively explains T-Gov implementation in Tanzania. The results underscore the necessity of integrating multiple factors for successful T-Gov adoption. Based on these findings, policy and practical implications are discussed, and future research directions are proposed to refine and expand the framework for broader applicability.