Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) Cell Therapy for Malignant Tumors: Mechanistic Insights, Clinical Efficacy, and Emerging Optimization Strategies

CAR-T cell therapy has been proven to show favorable efficacy in various hematological malignancies, particularly in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, multiple myeloma, and myelodysplastic syndromes, with promising results also observed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Additionally, CAR-T cell therapy can be applied in the treatment of multiple diseases such as hematological tumors and solid tumors, independent of factors including tumor type, patient age, tumor stage, and treatment response. This article outlines the definition, development history, basic principles of CAR-T cell therapy, and its significance in tumor treatment. It further discusses in detail the structure and function of CAR-T cells, their preparation process, clinical applications, safety, and side effects. Finally, the prospects and future directions of CAR-T cell therapy are explored.