Bird Migration and Avian Influenza Transmission: Mechanism, Prevention, and Control

Migratory birds have extensive global migration routes and play a crucial role in the intercontinental and cross-species spread of avian influenza virus (AIV). They cause the spread of infection of H3N8, H5N1, and H9N2 in humans worldwide, posing a significant threat to public health. This review explores the transmission pattern by examining the migratory routes of birds and the mechanisms by which viruses are transmitted between birds and mammals. It then delves into the review to elaborate on the infection mechanism that includes the binding of HA and sialic acid on host cells and the mutation strategies of the virus. The research also analyzes limitations of recent prevention and treatment methods, such as defects of inactive vaccines and Oseltamivir. In conclusion, the review proposes future directions, including developing broad-spectrum and T-cell inducible vaccines, exploring the pharmaceutical use value of plant extracts, aiming to provide a basis for establishing precise prevention and control strategies and treating birds and mammals efficiently to safeguard human and ecosystem health.