Optimal selection of chemical composition of pavement materials based on wave-absorbing heating characteristics and design of de-icing functional layer for pavements

To address the challenges of poor absorption and heating performance, as well as low de-icing efficiency in conventional microwave de-icing technology, this study designs a novel wave-absorbing functional layer for asphalt pavement structures. By examining the heating characteristics, microwave durability, and economic viability of six wave-absorbing chemical components under various environmental conditions and employing entropy weight scoring and principal component analysis for comprehensive evaluation, Fe₃O₄ is identified as the optimal wave-absorbing component. Accordingly, natural magnetite aggregates rich in Fe₃O₄ are identified. The results indicate that a particle size of 4.75–9.5 mm yields the fastest heating and best surface temperature uniformity; substituting 75% limestone with magnetite enhances high-temperature stability; and a functional-layer thickness of 6 cm maximizes wave-absorbing aggregate utilization and de-icing efficiency. In conclusion, the wave-absorbing functional layer in asphalt pavements achieves excellent de-icing results and demonstrates strong environmental compatibility, offering an effective solution for road maintenance. • Designed a wave-absorbing functional layer to enhance microwave deicing efficiency. • Identified Fe3O4 and magnetite as optimal materials for deicing pavement layers. • Achieved optimal warming with 4.75–9.5 mm magnetite particles in asphalt mixtures. • Improved high-temperature stability with 75% magnetite substitution, despite lower water stability. • Enhanced deicing efficiency with a 6 cm functional layer, promoting sustainability.