Design of a 170–260 GHz Broadband Frequency Tripler Using Multi-Objective Optimization

The design of terahertz (THz) solid-state frequency triplers is challenging due to tightly coupled electromagnetic (EM) and nonlinear behaviors. We employ a multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework, with EM-circuit co-simulation, to optimize a 170–260 GHz broadband frequency tripler. Using band-averaged input and output power efficiencies as objectives, the algorithm explores 36 structural parameters spanning the diode region, matching networks, and filters and yields a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. A fabricated design validated our approach: with an input power of 200 mW, the measured conversion efficiency is ≥3% across 170–260 GHz and ≥5% over 185–245 GHz, with a peak of 7.8% at 202 GHz. These results confirm that MOO enables efficient exploration of design trade-offs and practical high-performance THz multipliers.

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Publication Details

Journal
IEEE Electron Device Letters
Published
2025-08-28
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1109/led.2025.3602900
Citations
1
Primary Topic
Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.73

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article

Design of a 170–260 GHz Broadband Frequency Tripler Using Multi-Objective Optimization

Shixiong Liang, Hailong Guo, Shucheng Li, Hongji Zhou et al.
1 citations
IEEE Electron Device Letters
Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
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article

Design of a 170–260 GHz Broadband Frequency Tripler Using Multi-Objective Optimization

Shixiong Liang, Hailong Guo, Shucheng Li, Hongji Zhou, Yunjian Wu, Yan Zhang, Yaxin Zhang, Ziqiang Yang, Hui Zhang, Jiayuan Chen, Changhong Liu, Jianlin Zhong, Pengfei Jin, Jun Zhou
article en
1 citations

Abstract

The design of terahertz (THz) solid-state frequency triplers is challenging due to tightly coupled electromagnetic (EM) and nonlinear behaviors. We employ a multi-objective optimization (MOO) framework, with EM-circuit co-simulation, to optimize a 170–260 GHz broadband frequency tripler. Using band-averaged input and output power efficiencies as objectives, the algorithm explores 36 structural parameters spanning the diode region, matching networks, and filters and yields a set of Pareto-optimal solutions. A fabricated design validated our approach: with an input power of 200 mW, the measured conversion efficiency is ≥3% across 170–260 GHz and ≥5% over 185–245 GHz, with a peak of 7.8% at 202 GHz. These results confirm that MOO enables efficient exploration of design trade-offs and practical high-performance THz multipliers.

IEEE Electron Device LettersVol. 46(11)
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN), Tianjin University (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Key Research and Development Program of China
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 24%
Microwave Engineering and Waveguides
0.73
DOISourceOpenAlex
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Design of a 170–260 GHz Broadband Frequency Tripler Using Multi-Objective Optimization — Shixiong Liang, Hailong Guo, et al. · IEEE Electron Device Letters (2025) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS