Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Melanoleuca grammopodia: changes in bioactive components, antidiabetic properties and bioaccessibility

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using plant materials allows the production of low-cost and biocompatible nanoparticles without the use of toxic compounds or solvents. In this study, biogenic AgNP/Mg nanoparticles were synthesized using the Melanoleuca grammopodia mushroom. Vitamin C and E contents of the mushroom were 42.6 mg/g and 26.82 mg/g, respectively. FTIR analysis revealed the reducing and stabilizing effects of bioactive components present in M. grammopodia mushroom extract. SEM micrographs showed that the nanoparticles were spherical in form and the EDX spectrum confirmed the presence of the characteristic metallic silver peak at 3.0 keV. A significant reduction in the amounts of phenolic compounds in the mushroom extract and nanoparticles was observed after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion (p < 0.05). The bioaccessibility values of nanoparticles for gallic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid and protocatechuic acid were determined as 33.46%, 43.25%, 32.18% and 41.49%, respectively. A significant increase in thermal resistance, antioxidant activity (22.50 mg/mL), antilipid peroxidation (4.41 mg/mL), antidiabetic properties (6.02 mg/mL) and bioaccessibility of AgNP/Mg compared to the mushroom extract was detected. This is the first study in which the bioactive components of the M. grammopodia mushroom species were determined and changes and developments in the synthesized nanoparticles were compared with the mushroom extract. The results revealed that this mushroom species and its silver nanoparticles may be a natural and valuable resource with potential applications, especially in the fields of chemistry, pharmacology, and medicine.