Diabetes, Iron-Deficiency Anemia, and Endocrine, Nutritional, and Metabolic Disorders in Children: A Socio-Epidemiological Study in Urban Kazakhstan

This study analyzes ten-year trends in the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia (IDA), diabetes mellitus (DM), and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic disorders (ENMDs) among children and adolescents (0-17 years) in urban areas of Kazakhstan, considering socio-economic influences. A retrospective analysis of national data from 2013 to 2023 was conducted using linear regression to assess temporal trends and associations with health and economic indicators. Nationally, IDA incidence declined significantly: -278.4 cases per 100,000 among children aged 0-14 and -305.4 among adolescents aged 15-17 (both <i>p</i> < 0.001). ENMD incidence also decreased, particularly among adolescents (-154.0 per 100,000; <i>p</i> < 0.001). A 1000 KZT increase in household food expenditures was associated with a reduction in IDA incidence by 203-216 cases per 100,000 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), emphasizing the importance of accessible, nutritious diets. In contrast, DM incidence among adolescents rose by 1.7 cases annually per 100,000 (<i>p</i> < 0.05), possibly reflecting urbanization, lifestyle changes, and increasing obesity. DM and ENMD rates were significantly linked to consumption expenditures, pediatric bed availability, and endocrinologist density. These findings underscore the need for integrated, equity-focused prevention and improved healthcare access for children and adolescents amid ongoing demographic and nutritional transitions.