The Theoretical Logic, History Evolution, and Institutional Guarantees of Scientific Progress and the Development of Modern Industrial Systems

This paper commences from the classic theories of Marxist political economy, integrating the histories of science and industry to analyse the logic and historical characteristics of scientific progress and the development of modern industrial system, as well as the institutional guarantee that scientific progress leads the development of modern system, This analysis is instrumental in refining the scientific understanding of innovation-driven development strategies and in solidifying the theoretical foundation for the development of new quality productive forces. The genesis of science stems from human needs and the production aimed at satisfying these needs. A robust relationship is established between science, production, and productivity, characterised by an increasing intersection and integration of science and technology, the institutionalisation of science and the expansion of research scales, the positioning of science as a national strategy alongside scientific planning, and the international exchange and competition in science within the context of the global political economy. The convergence of science and industry has created historical opportunities for major nations to build themselves into modern powerhouses.By summarising the historical relationships of the two scientific revolutions, three technological revolutions, and three industrial revolutions, as well as the historical paths of major techno-economic powers, this paper fosters a theoretical understanding of the global technological competition under the fourth technological revolution and the new phase of China's science and technology entering a period of high-level self-reliance and strength. The development of new quality productive forces demands further liberation of scientific productive forces. Oriented by national strategic needs, it is imperative to promote the perfection of the market economic system, the mechanisms of scientific education and talent, accelerate the construction of mechanisms for the integration of real and virtual economies, and to consolidate the national innovation system. This will ensure a robust institutional framework for the advancement of modern industrial construction propelled by scientific progress.