The new wave of ocean industrialization and the challenges for biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean Sea: the case of the Costa Brava

To explore the new wave of ocean industrialization and the associated environmental challenges for biodiversity conservation in the Mediterranean Sea, we present here a case study of the Costa Brava region (northwestern Mediterranean), where conservation measures -particularly in areas of high ecological value-, are under increasing stress from new and emerging industrial activities. Using multiple data sources, and a spatiotemporal approach, this article considers the different economic activities in the study area and focuses on the various environmental impacts they may have. Fisheries and aquaculture landings, leisure boating infrastructure (berths), and cruise passenger activity exhibit particularly high levels both inside and near Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), as well as within or adjacent to other areas of conservation value. Notably, planned offshore wind farms and hydrogen pipelines are also located within or in close proximity to MPAs and other areas of conservation value. Our results indicate that the current Good Environmental Status (GES) of MPAs-a key concept describing ecosystems that are productive, resilient, and capable of sustaining both biodiversity and human activities-could be compromised by industrial activities, particularly those that have expanded in the region since the 2000s, including leisure boating, international cruising, and emerging industries such as offshore wind farms, hydrogen pipelines, and desalination plants.