Kin recognition in plants-an ecological perspective: an overview of plant kin recognition under different resources, consequences and future challenges

Kin recognition in plants is a debated topic, with mixed evidence on whether plants can distinguish kin from non-kin and adjust their behavior accordingly. Kin selection theory suggests cooperation among relatives enhances fitness, while niche partitioning theory predicts stronger competition due to similar resource requirements. This review critically examines existing literature, highlighting inconsistencies, methodological limitations, and challenges in kin recognition research. We explore behavioral and physiological evidence from various studies, analyzing how competition and cooperation are influenced by kinship interactions and how plants recognize their kin neighbors through belowground signals, which may mediate kin recognition. We also discuss ecological and agricultural implications, including potential roles in crop management. Although interest in this field is growing, consistent and conclusive evidence remains limited due to experimental variability. We recommend future research with standardized methodologies and advanced analytical tools to clarify the mechanisms and ecological consequences of kin recognition in plants.