Advances in bone organoids research and future perspectives

Skeletal diseases pose a significant threat to both physical and mental health, emerging as a critical global issue. A thorough understanding of bone physiology and the development of effective clinical interventions necessitate robust research methodologies. Recently, organoids have gained widespread attention as three-dimensional<i>in vitro</i>models capable of recapitulating complex<i>in vivo</i>environments, addressing key limitations of traditional two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models. As an innovative frontier in bone tissue engineering, bone organoids have shown great promise in applications such as disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative medicine. Despite notable advances, bone organoids research is still in its early stages, with many challenges yet to be addressed. This review explores the structural characteristics of natural bone, outlines the methodologies for constructing different types of bone organoids, and discusses their potential applications. Additionally, we summarize the current challenges and propose future directions for improving bone organoids technology. By offering theoretical insights and technical guidance, this review aims to facilitate the development of bone organoids with enhanced functionality and biomimetic properties.