Sustainably breaking the cycle: How closely are countries’ development and welfare indicators related to their cycling safety outcomes?
• While cycling is promoted as a cornerstone of transport sustainability, several inequities continue to affect its users. • This study analyzed the relationships between various development indicators and cyclists’ outcomes in 19 countries. • Although not linear, country-level development indicators appear consistently related to cycling safety and usage patterns. • The inequity and high vulnerability faced by cyclists in low- and middle-income countries are emphasized. • Addressing these inequalities is essential to promoting cycling and other sustainable transport modes from a user-centered perspective. While urban cycling is gaining ground worldwide as an active and sustainable mode of transport, various safety-related risks continue to threaten cyclists. In this regard, some studies suggest that cycling risk-related outcomes could be closely linked to development indicators beyond cycling infrastructure, including health, income, and welfare indices. This study aimed to analyze the relationships between different country-level development indicators (e.g., income level, life expectancy, internet access, healthcare coverage, and national health expenditure) and cyclists’ behavioral and safety-related outcomes in 19 countries with diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The findings of this multinational study indicate that country-level development indicators are significantly and consistently related to both cycling safety behaviors and crash records, with the situation being more pronounced in developing (LMIC) countries. Overall, these differences highlight (although not linearly) the inequity and the high vulnerability faced by cyclists in countries with low or medium levels of economic development and point to the need for targeted interventions in areas such as information access, healthcare, and road safety training. Such measures could support the promotion of cycling and other active transport modes from a user-centered perspective. All in all, this may help multidimensionally enhance the promotion of the bicycle as a sustainable means of transport, fostering increased safety and equity among countries.
Authors
- Puspa Raj Pant (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8827-0018)
- Предраг Брлек (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-2583)
- Eduard Mukhametdinov (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0824-0001)
- Steve O’Hern (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7961-3875)
- Ioanna Spyropoulou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7801-3395)
- Sreten Jevremović (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5332-068X)
- Ana Trpković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7277-6375)
- Felix Wilhelm Siebert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-1419)
- Javier Gené‐Morales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-5245)
- Noleen Pisa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8987-2590)
- Boris Cendales (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6904-7339)
- Luciana Conceição de Lima (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1385-5908)
- Milad Mehdizadeh (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-5941)
- Katerina Koliou
- A. Ziya Aktaş (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1829-7821)
- Md. Anwar Uddin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0234-8305)
- Dimitrios Nalmpantis (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6672-4082)
- Serdar Yılmaz (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3400-3392)
- Mette Møller (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0012-8691)
- Andrés Gené‐Sampedro (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0661-7805)
- Roberto Domenech
- Francisco Alonso (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9482-8874)
- Mireia Faus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8107-7637)
- Isti Hidayati (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2998-9460)
- Irina Makarova (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6184-9900)
- Amanda N. Stephens (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4118-4972)
- G Rojas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8138-8136)
- Sergio A. Useche (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5099-4627)
- Mihai Răzvan Niţă (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-2204)
- Giuseppe Guido (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7570-4123)
- Mats Torbjørnsen
- Kayck D. Araujo
- Maria A. Calota
Institutions
- Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi (TR)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- University of Bucharest (RO)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Universitas Gadjah Mada (ID)
- National Technical University of Athens (GR)
- University of Zagreb (HR)
- Universidad El Bosque (CO)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Kazan Federal University (RU)
- Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (GR)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (BR)
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- HŽ Passenger Transport (Croatia) (HR)
- University of Calabria (IT)
- Technical University of Denmark (DK)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Sustainable Futures
- Published
- 2025-08-28
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2025.101223
- Citations
- 4
- Primary Topic
- Urban Transport and Accessibility
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 8.71
Funders
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación