Features of growing winter rapeseed in abnormally warm winters

The relevance of this study is driven by the impact of climate change on the cultivation of winter rapeseed in Ukraine. The aim was to assess the effects of unstable winter conditions on the development and yield of winter rapeseed, and to identify effective measures to minimise the associated risks. The research examined the consequences of abnormally warm winters on the growth, development, and productivity of winter rapeseed. A comprehensive analysis was conducted of agronomic risks arising under unstable winter climates, including reduced or absent dormancy periods, premature stem elongation, depletion of energy reserves, and heightened pathogen activity (Phoma lingam, Alternaria brassicae). Physiological changes in rapeseed associated with an average winter temperature increase of 3.2-4.8°C were identified, resulting in a loss of winter hardiness in 87% of plants, a 39-54% rise in disease incidence, and a 12-18% decrease in yield, in some cases up to 25%. The effectiveness of adaptive measures was evaluated, including the use of frost-resistant varieties, growth regulators, and fungicidal treatments. These measures reduced crop losses by 8-14% and enhanced overall plant resilience to climatic stress. Additionally, the use of remote sensing improved crop monitoring, increasing the accuracy of identifying stressed areas by 23% compared to traditional observation methods. The findings underscore the need to adapt rapeseed cultivation technologies to changing climatic conditions. The proposed strategies help to mitigate the negative effects of warm winters, stabilise yields, and support the effective management of agrosystems. These results offer practical value for the agricultural sector, contributing to more efficient winter rapeseed production and the development of new adaptive technologies for sustainable agriculture