The array of GNSS for structure deformation monitoring

Purpose. To develop and implement the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) array system for structural deformation monitoring (SDM) to ensure the safety and longevity of critical infrastructure such as bridges, dams, and high-rise buildings. Methodology. This research utilizes dual-antenna GNSS receivers to form a GNSS network with redundant measurements for real-time least-square adjustment. The methodology integrates GNSS with additional sensors, such as inclinometers, and employs advanced data processing techniques to mitigate errors and enhance accuracy. Real-time deformation measurements are achieved using multi-frequency, multi-constellation GNSS receivers with Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) and least-square estimation, combined with sensor fusion algorithms to provide a comprehensive view of structural behavior. Findings. A pilot deployment on a large-scale structure demonstrates the system’s capability to monitor displacements and long-term deformation trends with high spatial and temporal resolution. The validation results confirm the accuracy and reliability of the GNSS array compared to conventional monitoring methods. Originality. This study addresses the limitations of single-point GNSS solutions by deploying multiple receivers across a structure, offering a novel approach to real-time SDM. The integration of GNSS with auxiliary sensors and the application of advanced data processing techniques represent significant advancements in GNSS-based monitoring technologies. Practical value. The proposed GNSS array system offers a scalable, cost-effective solution for real-time SDM, addressing critical challenges in infrastructure safety and management. The findings pave the way for the widespread adoption of GNSS-based monitoring technologies in critical structural applications.