Electronic cigarette use and risk of chronic kidney disease: a dose-response analysis with propensity score matching in a nationally representative cohort

E-cigarette use is independently associated with CKD in a dose-dependent manner, particularly among non-diabetic individuals. Notably, NHANES data limitations include lack of past e-cigarette use or smoking history records, which may introduce residual confounding. These findings highlight vaping as a modifiable risk factor for kidney disease, urging targeted public health interventions.