Internally Displaced People Induced by Riverbank Erosion: Challenges and Adaptation in the Northwestern Part of Bangladesh

Riverbank erosion constitutes a major environmental hazard, particularly in the northwestern regions of Bangladesh, where the number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) continues to rise. These displaced populations are compelled to navigate shifting socio-economic landscapes while contending with a range of persistent challenges. This study focuses on the IDPs of Phulchari upazila in Gaibandha district, aiming to assess the socio-economic and environmental hardships they encounter, as well as the adaptation strategies they employ in response to displacement. To achieve these objectives, 120 household surveys, 2 focus group discussions and 4 key informant interviews were conducted. Additionally, satellite-based land use and land cover (LULC) analysis was employed to examine the spatial changes caused by erosion. The findings reveal substantial LULC changes, with water bodies expanding by 3.7 km² and non-water areas shrinking by 3.6 km², indicating ongoing erosion pressure. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests show statistically significant deterioration in access to drinking water ( Z = –6.053, p < .001), while access to healthcare facilities improved post-displacement ( Z = –4.416, p < .001). Household income sources shifted dramatically, with dependence on agriculture declining from 54% to 20% and reliance on day labour increasing from 33% to 55%. Additionally, 35% of respondents identified housing as the most vulnerable sector, followed by access to drinking water (23%) and healthcare (17%). The findings indicate that riverbank erosion destroys homes and agricultural lands and disrupts livelihoods, social structures and access to essential services such as water, sanitation and healthcare. Psychological stress was prevalent, with many respondents reporting trauma and anxiety following repeated displacement. Also, the results reveal significant socio-economic vulnerabilities among IDPs, including reduced income opportunities, increased reliance on day labour and a decline in agricultural employment. Furthermore, adaptation strategies adopted by IDPs include transitioning to alternative livelihoods, engaging in small-scale businesses and forming community networks. Policymakers from national to local levels may find the findings of this study insightful to initiate necessary actions to ensure sustainable adaptation practices for IDP communities in riverbank erosion–affected areas of Bangladesh.