INTEGRATION OF ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF FORTIFIED AREAS: THE CASE OF WARSAW

The article discusses the ecosystem services provided by fortress sites in Warsaw, highlighting their unique natural and social roles due to limited accessibility and specific function. These areas support biodiversity, regulate climate, and offer social and cultural benefits such as recreation, education, and heritage preservation. They also strengthen biophilic connections between people and nature, enhancing urban quality of life. The study, based on literature and field research, emphasizes the need for integrated management that values both ecological and social functions of fortress landscapes.