Corporate Criminal Responsibility and Human Rights: An Indian Constitutional and Statutory Perspective

The intersection of corporate criminal liability and human rights protection represents one of the most significant contemporary challenges in Indian jurisprudence. This paper examines the evolving framework of corporate criminal responsibility within the constitutional and statutory landscape of India, with particular emphasis on how fundamental rights are enforced against corporate entities. Through analysis of recent Supreme Court judgments, statutory developments, and constitutional provisions, this study demonstrates that while India has made substantial progress in establishing corporate accountability mechanisms, significant challenges remain in effectively prosecuting corporate crimes and protecting human rights. The paper argues that the current legal framework, while comprehensive in theory, requires enhanced enforcement mechanisms and clearer delineation of corporate-individual liability boundaries to ensure effective human rights protection.