Ethnic aspects of risk factors for the type 2 diabetes mellitus development in the overweight women of the Pribaikalsky region

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by a steadily increasing prevalence and is a global health problem. The problem is particularly relevant in the Baikal region, a region with ethnic diversity, where race and ethnicity can affect the risk of T2DM. Due to the high prevalence of overweight and obesity and their negative impact on women’s reproductive health, this population is particularly vulnerable. Objective. To identify hormonal, clinical, and metabolic markers associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in Russian and Buryat women of reproductive age in the Baikal region and optimize the diagnosis and prevention of type 2 diabetes in this category of patients. Materials and methods. In 2023—2024, a comprehensive examination of 110 women of reproductive age (18—49 years) with overweight or obesity permanently residing in the Baikal region (57 of Russian nationality and 53 of Buryat nationality) was performed at the Clinical Hospital of the Irkutsk Scientific Center of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The history data and the results of clinical, laboratory, and instrumental examinations were analyzed. Insulin resistance was assessed by the HOMA-IR index. The risk of developing T2DM over 10 years was assessed using the FINDRISC questionnaire. Results. In the Baikal region, common risk factors for T2DM in Russian and Buryat women of reproductive age with overweight include obesity (based on body mass index and waist circumference), family history of T2DM/obesity, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ethnic differences were identified, with Russian women exhibiting a higher risk of T2DM, associated with elevated fasting glycemia, as well as increased triglyceride and leptin levels. In Buryat women, the risk was associated with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, insulin, HOMA-IR insulin resistance index, and impaired glucose tolerance. Conclusion. Ethnic-driven programs are needed to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early detection and elimination of risk factors (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance) are crucial. Russian women with impaired fasting glucose tolerance require early intervention. Impaired glucose tolerance should be detected as early as possible in Buryat women.