Technological evolution of inhalers: intelligent systems and controlled delivery to the respiratory tract

Inhalation therapy is the most common treatment for respiratory diseases. Its effectiveness depends on several factors, including the therapeutic properties of aerosols, the design of inhalers (dispensers), and the correct inhalation technique, all of which affect the expected treatment results. Therefore, it is crucial to develop innovative solutions that optimize the delivery of inhaled products (IPs) to the lungs, thereby ensuring the effectiveness of therapy. Objective. To analyze the innovative and promising technologies used in inhaled product delivery devices described in Russian and international publications, considering their physical and technological properties, and the potential for distribution in the lungs (deposition) in the treatment of respiratory diseases. Materials and methods. We reviewed the publications available in the international scientific citation databases eLibrary, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed. The analysis included studies on advancements and prospects in the development of devices for the targeted delivery of IDs, as well as physical principles, advantages, and disadvantages of these devices. When searching for publications, individual keywords or their combinations were used, including inhaled products, inhalers, aerosols, targeted delivery technology, respiratory tract diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Results. The literature review showed several promising innovative technologies used in the targeted delivery of inhaled products, including «smart» inhalers and digital technologies. It opens up opportunities for monitoring the use of appropriate devices and personalized therapy. Such innovative opportunities include the controlled release of inhaled products and their targeted delivery, which increases the accuracy, effectiveness, and personalization of inhalation therapy. Conclusion. The widespread use of «smart» inhalers in clinical practice supports further interdisciplinary research aimed at integrating modern technological developments with the individual characteristics of patients and specific clinical tasks.