Rigorous analysis of differential temperature effects in footbridges of complex form

<p>Temperature effects, both uniform and differential, can in many instances be quite important in the design of footbridges, particularly those with complex geometry or that are movable. There are many examples where problems have occurred, yet research in this area is relatively limited. The codified rules are quite crude and difficult to apply to unusual structural forms.</p><p>An approach based on the application of computational methods has been developed that now allows an envelope of effects to be taken, providing greater confidence that the worst possible conditions have been modelled. This work is carried out in addition to the checks that are made using the simplified rules in the standards. It allows the influence of site conditions and structural geometry to be rigorously modelled.</p><p>This paper discusses an evolution of the new approach with reference to project examples including the Lille Langebro swing bridge in Copenhagen and Royal Victoria bascule bridge at Silvertown. It is concluded that some of the uncertainty in structural behaviour can be addressed by use of the new techniques. Recommendations for further development and research are provided.</p>