Transformation of Counter-Terrorism Strategies Based on Artificial Intelligence and Legal Challenges Regarding the use of Autonomous Weapons

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed various sectors, including national security and counter-terrorism strategies. The utilization of AI, particularly through intelligent surveillance systems and autonomous weapons systems (AWS), strengthens the state's capability to detect, analyze, and respond to potential terrorist threats swiftly and efficiently. However, the presence of this technology does not escape legal challenges, particularly concerning regulatory gaps and accountability for the use of autonomous weapons that can operate without human intervention. This study uses a normative juridical approach to examine the transformation of counter-terrorism strategies based on AI, as well as to analyze the absence of legal norms governing the use of AWS in Indonesia and within the context of international law. The findings show that national legal instruments such as Law No. 5 of 2018 on the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism and Law No. 3 of 2002 on State Defense are not yet adequate to address the new challenges posed by AI. On the other hand, international forums such as the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (UN CCW) are still debating the ethical and legal boundaries of AWS without producing a binding consensus. This research recommends the establishment of a new legal framework that is responsive to technological developments, ensuring the protection of human rights and the principle of accountability in the use of AI for security purposes. Without clear regulations, this transformation has the potential to result in abuse of power and serious violations of civil rights.