Development of a proof-of-concept concentrating photovoltaic module with integrated tracking and azimuthal cell rotation

Photovoltaics can be more efficient by concentrating the sunlight onto multi-junction solar cells. However, conventional concentrator systems require expensive solar trackers. Recently, the micro-tracking concept, developed inside the photovoltaic module, has emerged as a way to improve competitiveness by eliminating the need for an external tracker. This study presents the design and laboratory validation of a proof-of-concept wide-acceptance-angle tracking integrated micro-concentrator photovoltaic (WiT-CPV) system, featuring a pioneering azimuthal cell rotation mechanism. This innovation ensures perpendicular alignment with incident solar rays in the azimuthal axis, enhancing optical efficiency while reducing mechanical complexity compared to conventional dual-axis tracking systems. The WiT-CPV employs a biconvex aspheric lens and three linear actuators to achieve precise micro-tracking within ±30∘ zenithal and ±40∘ azimuthal ranges. Laboratory tests confirm that single-axis azimuthal rotation captures 72–74% of two-axis rotation energy gains, with annual energy improvements of 3.15% (Aguascalientes, Mexico) and 2.87% (Jaen, Spain) over micro-tracking non-rotating systems. The prototype exhibits stable optical efficiency at low incidence angles (0∘–25∘). Transparent materials enable the transmission of diffuse radiation, supporting agrivoltaic applications. The system's modular design, using cost-effective PMMA lenses and PET brackets, enhances scalability and economic viability. This proof-of-concept study, focused on optical and mechanical performance, did not assess material degradation or outdoor performance. Future work will involve integrating durable materials and conducting field trials to validate long-term performance and the levelized cost of electricity. The WiT-CPV provides a scalable and efficient solution for sustainable solar energy generation, particularly in resource-constrained environments.