Hybrid regulation of non-conventional water sources powered by renewable energy: advancing circular water management for coastal cities resilience

The increasing water scarcity and energy demands in coastal cities, exacerbated by climate variability, necessitate integrated and sustainable water management solutions. This study introduces a novel hybrid volume regulation framework that leverages non-conventional water sources including reclaimed wastewater, stormwater runoff, and desalinated water to achieve circular water use and zero discharge into natural bodies. The aim is the use of non-conventional resources by the integration of hydraulic and energy models through genetic algorithm optimization, enabling the design of a resilient infrastructure to improve the deficit hydric in irrigation communities. Optimal configuration of storage and flow dynamics was defined, ensuring coordinated operation across diverse and spatially distributed sources. The methodology, which is replicable to any case study knowing both hydraulic and energy constraints, shows the design and annual management rule to transfer 17 hm³. It shows values of capacity ratio, distribution ratio and Benefit/Cost above 0.7, 0.9 and 3.1, respectively, for the optimal solution. The framework also incorporates a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis, accounting for social, environmental, and economic impacts, such as desertification mitigation, employment generation, and CO₂ reduction. The findings highlight the replicability and scalability of the proposed model, offering a robust decision-support tool for water governance and supporting Sustainable Development Goals.