Structural and shielding properties of P(VDF-HFP)-Bi2O3 multilayered polymer composites

ABSTRACT Flexible, lead-free Bi 2 O 3 /poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) [P(VDF-HFP)] composite films were developed as sustainable X-ray shielding materials for medical and industrial applications. Films with Bi 2 O 3 loadings of 5–50 wt% were fabricated via solution casting and characterized using SEM, AFM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA to assess surface morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, and radiation attenuation. Mechanical testing and X-ray attenuation measurements at 60 and 80 kVp revealed a clear trade-off between shielding efficiency and mechanical flexibility. Among all compositions, 20 wt% Bi 2 O 3 offered the most balanced performance, with a tensile strength of 10.7 ± 0.1 MPa, elongation at break of 4.7 ± 0.9%, crystallinity of 81.99%, hydrophobicity (water contact angle) of 120.46 ± 0.64°, 88.0 ± 0.1% attenuation at 60 kVp (four-sheet configuration), and an enhanced maximum degradation temperature (T max ) of 480.13 °C. Higher filler loadings improved attenuation up to 92.0 ± 0.2% but substantially reduced flexibility, while lower loadings preserved mechanical properties but compromised shielding. These results demonstrate that optimized Bi 2 O 3 /P(VDF-HFP) composites can deliver lightweight, flexible, and environmentally friendly alternatives to lead-based shielding, with tunable performance for specific application needs. • Flexible Bi 2 O 3 /P(VDF-HFP) composites (5–50 wt.%) showed uniform dispersion at low contents and controlled agglomeration at higher loadings. • Composites retained flexibility with tensile strength up to 12.5 MPa at 20 wt.% Bi 2 O 3 . • Increased filler loading enhanced roughness and generated hydrophobic surfaces (contact angle >120°). • X-ray shielding reached 70% (80 kVp) and 88% (60 kVp) at 20 wt.% with four-sheet stacking, confirming lead-free shielding potential.