Application of 3D printing imaging technology in the treatment of bronchopleural fistula with individual customized bronchial occluder

The 3D-printed personalized occluder (TG-II) significantly reduced postoperative inflammatory responses and alleviated cough-associated pain, demonstrating superior short-term efficacy and safety compared to conventional treatment (CG) and commercially available occluders (TG-I). This approach offers distinct advantages for the personalized precision treatment of BPF. However, further clinical studies are required to validate its potential as an alternative to surgical repair.