Hydrogeochemical Characterization of Mineral Springs in Peruvian Tropical Highlands

Water quality in natural mineral springs is essential for sustainable use and conservation in the Amazon region. This study presents a hydrogeochemical characterization of 21 springs in the Peruvian Tropical Highlands, expanding on previous records of only six sources. The springs, which are thermal, saline, and sulfurous, are located between 384 and 3147 m a.s.l., mainly in mountainous areas with structural slopes and permeable sedimentary formations, such as the Pulluicana Group (composed mainly of sandstones and shales) and the Sarayaquillo Formation (characterized by reddish sandstones and siltstones). Physicochemical analysis showed temperatures ranging from 15.1 to 38.2 °C, pH from 5.20 to 8.72, conductivity between 0.05 and 253 mS/cm, and total dissolved solids from 0.02 to 162.50 g/L. High levels of arsenic and aluminum, likely originating from the natural weathering of rocks rich in these elements, exceeded national limits. Microbiological analysis detected fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli, indicating potential health risks. The results highlight the importance of regular monitoring and proper management to ensure safe use and explore its therapeutic and biotechnological applications, such as microbial bioremediation or development of extremophile-based enzymes.