JEWISH OPPOSITION TO ZIONISM (1897 – 1948) PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

The researcher seeks to show the Jewish opposition to Zionism through their religious and political positions and ideas, and to show the difference between Judaism as a religion and Zionism as a political national movement.The conflict still exists between religious Jewish currents and Zionism.The research aims to know the Jewish opposition and their position on the Zionist movement, whether they were religious or non-religious Jewish figures, religious movement, or political parties, who opposed the Zionist project announced by Herzl at the First Zionist Congress held in Bazel in 1897.The research also seeks to crystallize the Zionist movement for the collective memory of the Jewish people based on Jewish immigration and settlement in Palestine since its inception.Zionism emerged as a national movement seeking to establish a Jewish state at the end of the nineteenth century in Eastern Europe, against the backdrop of the racist policies of the ruling regimes in Europe, the spread of anti-Semitism, and the storms that occurred in the Negev in 1881 against the Jews.