Integrating cationic backbone with hydrophobic core: a structure-function approach to self-assembling antimicrobial peptides with superior activity

Effective countermeasures against multidrug-resistant nosocomial pathogens, such as carbapenem-resistant <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> and methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA), require the development of innovative antimicrobial strategies. This study presents a structure-function approach to antimicrobial peptide (AMP) design through the strategic integration of a cationic backbone with a hydrophobic core. This dual-domain architecture enables robust hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, promoting spontaneous self-assembly and efficient membrane engagement. The lead peptide, Tryptolycin (TRPY), formed stable, monodisperse nanoparticles and demonstrated broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, with minimum inhibitory concentrations ≤1 µmol/L against multiple strains of MRSA and <i>K. pneumoniae</i>, while exerting minimal cytotoxicity toward mammalian cells. TRPY achieved rapid bacterial elimination, eradicating 99.9% of both planktonic and persister populations within minutes. Mechanistic investigations revealed that TRPY induced membrane permeabilization, promoted reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and inhibited biofilm formation. In murine infection models, TRPY effectively eradicated established infections, reducing bacterial burden across target organs by 3- to 5-fold without significant cytotoxicity at therapeutic concentrations. Collectively, these findings establish TRPY as a promising therapeutic agent for clinical translation in the treatment of refractory bacterial infections.