Islam Spanyol: Konstruksi Politik, Kebangkitan Intelektual, Dan Tantangan Kemasyarakatan Dalam Perspektif Historis-Kritis

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical dynamics of Islam in Spain (Al-Andalus) from 711 to 1492 CE through a historical-critical approach, focusing on three core dimensions: political transformation, intellectual progress, and socio-cultural interaction. Politically, Islamic rule in Andalusia underwent significant transitions from the initial conquest by Thariq ibn Ziyad, the establishment of the Emirate and Caliphate of Córdoba, the fragmentation during the Muluk al-Thawa’if era, to the interventions of the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties. Intellectually, Al-Andalus became a vibrant center of knowledge that facilitated the transmission of scientific thought from the Islamic world to Europe, largely through the translation of Arabic texts into Latin. Renowned figures such as Ibn Rushd, Al-Zahrawi, and Ibn Khaldun made monumental contributions to philosophy, medicine, and social sciences. Socially, the convivencia model enabled Muslims, Jews, and Christians to coexist in a relatively harmonious multicultural society, despite occasional tensions. This study argues that the Islamic civilization in Andalusia not only served as a cornerstone in Islamic and European history but also left a legacy of tolerance, pluralism, and intellectual collaboration that remains deeply relevant in the modern world.