Women in mixed farming system and their challenges: A qualitative study in northern Bangladesh

Women play a vital yet often overlooked role in Mixed Farming Systems (MFS) in northern Bangladesh, particularly in crop production and livestock management. Despite their active involvement, deep-rooted patriarchal norms and structural inequalities continue to restrict their participation in agricultural decision-making. This qualitative study explores both the constraints and opportunities shaping women's engagement in MFS. Data was collected through seven focus group discussions in rural communities and analyzed using a visual thematic analysis framework. Findings reveal that women face significant barriers, including limited access to quality seeds, gender-sensitive agricultural tools, knowledge of pest and disease management, and adequate veterinary services. These challenges hinder productivity and reduce household income. Nonetheless, the study identifies promising interventions such as promoting climate-resilient crop varieties, ensuring timely access to inputs like fertilizers, and enhancing livestock services through crossbreeding and improved nutritional feed, which could boost women’s contributions and improve overall farm outcomes. The study underscores the importance of gender-transformative strategies to enhance women’s agency and decision-making power in MFS. Although geographically focused, the findings offer valuable insights with practical implications for policymakers and development practitioners aiming to design inclusive, gender-responsive agricultural programs. Future research should broaden the scope and incorporate quantitative methods for deeper analysis.