Green Technology and Transportation in Supply Chain Management: The Mediating Role of Agility on Performance in Indonesia's Courier Industry

The courier sector in Indonesia is experiencing rapid expansion driven by the surge in e-commerce.However, this growth poses substantial sustainability challenges, particularly concerning greenhouse gas emissions and environmental degradation.This study investigates the influence of green technology (GTY) and green transportation (GTN) on green supply chain performance (GSP), with green supply chain agility (GSA) acting as a mediating variable.Using data from 135 courier companies and analyzed through Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), the findings demonstrate that GTY significantly enhances GSA ( = 0.738, t = 15.660) and has a strong direct effect on GSP ( = 0.460, t = 3.985).GTN also significantly contributes to GSA ( = 0.260, t = 5.336), although its direct impact on GSP is relatively weaker ( = 0.187, t = 1.759).GSA partially mediates the effect of GTY on GSP ( = 0.351, t = 1.910), suggesting that agility plays a critical role in translating green capabilities into performance outcomes.All indicator loadings exceed 0.90, confirming strong construct reliability and convergent validity.These findings reinforce the Dynamic Capabilities and Natural Resource-Based View theories in the context of green supply chain management (GrnSCM), and have practical implications for courier companies seeking to enhance operational efficiency and minimize environmental impact through the adoption of GTY and GTN.