Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) Levels Reflect Ischemic Etiology in Heart Failure Patients with Iron Deficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study

Heart failure (HF), particularly of an ischemic etiology, is steadily increasing worldwide. Non-anemic iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent among HF patients, and it has been related to worse outcomes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease, HF and iron pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the specific potential role of GDF15 in HF patients with ID has not been fully explored. In this cross-sectional study we determined serum GDF15 levels in 60 HF patients with ID from the IRON-PATH II study. The discriminative capacity of GDF15 in logistic regression models for classifying these patients according to ischemic etiology was defined as the primary endpoint. Additionally, relationships between GDF15 levels and impaired right ventricle function, impaired functional capacity and HF were included as secondary endpoints. GDF15 was inversely related to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the six-minute walking test (6MWT), and positively related to hallmarks of HF [i.e., N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] and other molecules influenced by HF progression [i.e., creatinine and ferritin]. Moreover, GDF15 was inversely related to hemoglobin, suggesting a potential link to iron homeostasis. Furthermore, GDF15 showed good classification capacity and improved the accuracy of a logistic regression model for ischemic HF classification in patients with ID. Overall, the findings of this study propose serum GDF15 levels as a potential tool for the classification of HF patients with ID according to the ischemic etiology.

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Journal
Biomolecules
Published
2025-08-26
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15091234
Citations
1
Primary Topic
GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
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article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
1.67

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article

Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) Levels Reflect Ischemic Etiology in Heart Failure Patients with Iron Deficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cândida Fonseca, Marta Cobo Marcos, Javier de Juan Bagudá, Raúl Ramos-Polo et al.
1 citations
Biomolecules
GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
1.67
article

Serum Growth Differentiation Factor 15 (GDF15) Levels Reflect Ischemic Etiology in Heart Failure Patients with Iron Deficiency: A Cross-Sectional Study

Cândida Fonseca, Marta Cobo Marcos, Javier de Juan Bagudá, Raúl Ramos-Polo, Manuel Vázquez‐Carrera, José Manuel García‐Pinilla, Ricardo Rodríguez‐Calvo, Josefa Girona, Josep Comín‐Colet, L. Masana, Cristina Enjuanes, Montse Guardiola, Marta Tajes, Josep Ribalta, María del Mar Ras-Jiménez
article en
1 citations

Abstract

Heart failure (HF), particularly of an ischemic etiology, is steadily increasing worldwide. Non-anemic iron deficiency (ID) is highly prevalent among HF patients, and it has been related to worse outcomes. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) has been related to atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease, HF and iron pathophysiology. Nevertheless, the specific potential role of GDF15 in HF patients with ID has not been fully explored. In this cross-sectional study we determined serum GDF15 levels in 60 HF patients with ID from the IRON-PATH II study. The discriminative capacity of GDF15 in logistic regression models for classifying these patients according to ischemic etiology was defined as the primary endpoint. Additionally, relationships between GDF15 levels and impaired right ventricle function, impaired functional capacity and HF were included as secondary endpoints. GDF15 was inversely related to tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) and the six-minute walking test (6MWT), and positively related to hallmarks of HF [i.e., N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)] and other molecules influenced by HF progression [i.e., creatinine and ferritin]. Moreover, GDF15 was inversely related to hemoglobin, suggesting a potential link to iron homeostasis. Furthermore, GDF15 showed good classification capacity and improved the accuracy of a logistic regression model for ischemic HF classification in patients with ID. Overall, the findings of this study propose serum GDF15 levels as a potential tool for the classification of HF patients with ID according to the ischemic etiology.

BiomoleculesVol. 15(9)
Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES), Bellvitge University Hospital (ES), Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (ES), Institut d'Investigació Biomédica de Bellvitge (ES), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (ES), Centro de Investigación en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (ES), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Catalunya Sud (ES), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda (ES), Red de Investigación en Actividades Preventivas y Promoción de la Salud (ES), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (ES), Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus (ES), Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Victoria (ES), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (ES), Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (ES), Universitat de Barcelona (ES), Universidad de Málaga (ES), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (PT), Universidad Europea de Madrid (ES)
Centres de Recerca de Catalunya, Generalitat de Catalunya, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Direcció General de Recerca, Generalitat de Catalunya
Openalex Percentile: Top 14%
GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
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