Digitization of geospatial-temporal mapping of the distribution of solar energy resources in Mozambique over long-term measurements

• Solar energy harnessing devices are inconsistent and less efficient due to sporadic and fluctuating energy reaching the Earth's surface. • GHI measurements were conducted in Mozambique by FUNAE, AERONET, INAM, and additional samples from the Meteosat database. • The distribution of clear sky days has been similar, with a larger frequency of increasing increments in 2012 than in 2013 and 2014. • Increases in the clear sky index are more common and tend to increase on cloudy sky days. • Intermediate sky days offer a variable form with incremental characteristics that fall between the high frequency of clear days and the low frequencies of cloudy sky days. • The digital variability in the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth's surface is caused by the high tendency for high swings in solar energy on days with intermediate features. The uneven distribution of solar energy across the Earth's surface is due to atmospheric processes, radiation interactions, and geometric factors. To address this, a geospatial-temporal digitalization and mapping of solar energy distribution was conducted using machine learning models. The clear-sky index ( K t * ) was used to determine clear-sky energy, and energy analysis was conducted. The global solar energy sample was collected at 11 stations. The results showed a high level of solar energy incidence, with ( K t * ) ranging from 0.4 to 0.9. Clear days had a high incident flux, while intermediate days had significant fluctuations. The study concluded that atmospheric transmittance influences clear days due to the high incident flux.