Internet of Satellites (IoS) for Intelligent Satellite Cluster: Applications, Methods, and Challenges

The integration of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and cloud computing is accelerating the development of intelligent and autonomous satellite systems. However, limitations in onboard sensing, computing, storage, and energy resources continue to constrain the intelligent functionalities of individual satellites. Currently, most studies focus on either satellite intelligence or satellite networking, while systematic studies on their integration remain scarce. To address this gap, this paper introduces the concept of an intelligent satellite cluster system, which leverages satellite networks to enable collaborative intelligence among satellites, thereby enhancing the overall system intelligence. After summarizing the typical use cases of the intelligent satellite cluster system, we analyze the corresponding demands on network capabilities. Based on these demands, we propose the concept of the Internet of satellites (IoS) tailored to support the intelligent satellite cluster system. Specifically, we design both the logical and physical architectures of IoS and elaborate on its key enabling technologies. Finally, we present the research progress and outcomes achieved by our team on these core technologies, and discuss the challenges that remain. This paper aims to build consensus around intelligent and connected satellite technologies, promote innovation and standardization, and enhance the intelligent service capabilities of future large-scale satellite systems.