A Volunteer-Based Counseling Model for Victims of Domestic and Sexual Violence: Proposal and Framework

Objective: Domestic and sexual violence result in profound physical, psychological, sexual, and economic harm to survivors, necessitating structured and sustained support. Many countries with high prevalence of such violence lack consistent, survivor-centred counselling services. This study proposes a volunteer-based, certified counselling model to strengthen support systems in these contexts. Materials and Methods: The model is informed by two years of participant observation and certified training at two U.S.-based organisations: the Riley Center (domestic violence services) and San Francisco Women Against Rape (SFWAR), which offers crisis intervention, individual counselling, and legal advocacy for survivors of sexual violence. Data were derived from field experiences, organisational documents, and systematic observations of counselling processes, training modules, and crisis response protocols. Results: The proposed model integrates a 24/7 crisis hotline with office-based counselling, supported by rigorous volunteer training and certification. Core components include trauma-informed communication, adherence to ethical guidelines, and standardised intervention protocols. Services prioritise immediate crisis response, ongoing support, and safety planning to disrupt cycles of violence. Conclusion: This framework provides a scalable and sustainable solution to address service gaps in high-prevalence regions. By combining crisis intervention with long-term counselling, the model enhances survivor safety, optimises resource coordination, and contributes to violence prevention.