Single-Receiver DOA Estimation for Wideband Signals Using Space-Time Coding Antenna and Compressed Sensing

Direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation is critical for electromagnetic systems, yet conventional multi-channel array-based methods incur prohibitive hardware costs. They struggle with handling broadband signals, high computational complexity, and reliance on large datasets or specific configurations. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel DOA estimation framework integrating space-time coding antenna arrays with compressed sensing to resolve these limitations. By developing a specialized dictionary matrix combined with the Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) algorithm, our approach enables single-receiver direction finding in scenarios where signal bandwidth exceeds system coding rates. By further leveraging the interior-point method for off-grid compressed sensing, we ensure accurate two-dimensional (2D) estimation even with sparse dictionaries. Numerical simulation and experimental validation demonstrate the method's efficacy in balancing cost-efficiency, accuracy, and computational simplicity. The proposed technique overcomes key bandwidth and hardware constraints, offering a viable solution for practical applications in radar, communications, and spectrum management.