Environmental Affects of Plant-Based Beef Analog Production in 12 Countries and Consumer Response to Plant-Based Meat in China, A Case Study

This study employs a multi-regional life cycle assessment (LCA) across 12 countries to quantify and compare environmental impacts of plant-based beef analogue (PBBA) versus conventional beef production. Key drivers of ecological footprints were identified: PBBA reduced greenhouse gas emissions by 80–90% but exhibited critical regional bottlenecks—soybean-driven deforestation in Argentina (contributing >70% to global warming impacts) and coal-dependent processing in China (amplifying fine particulate matter formation by 69%). Significant spatial disparities emerged in resource efficiency: beef production demanded 7.8× more water and 22.9× greater land use than PBBA, with nitrogen/phosphorus runoff from feed cultivation causing freshwater eutrophication (18.8× higher in beef systems). Substitution modelling revealed that replacing 1% of China’s beef consumption annually with PBBA could reduce agricultural emissions by 0.4–0.7%, cumulatively mitigating 12.8 million tons of CO₂ by 2030. However, consumer surveys across 18 Chinese cities identified taste authenticity as the primary adoption barrier (41.5% rejection in culinary hubs; β = −0.53, *p*<0.001), mediated by cultural identity (62%), while economic vulnerability tripled price sensitivity among low-income youth versus older cohorts. The findings underscore that scaling PBBA requires region-specific interventions—addressing supply-chain bottlenecks (e.g., deforestation-free soy sourcing, renewable energy integration) and demand-side cultural adaptation (e.g., recipe reformulation with chefs)—to align planetary health goals with dietary transitions.