Synthesis, Structural, and Vibrational Properties of PVDF/BiFeO<sub>3</sub> Nanofibers Using Electrospinning Technique

The composite nanofibers of PVDF/BiFeO 3 (PVDF/BF) signify a notable advancement in the domain of piezoelectric nanogenerators (PENGs), providing a high surface area alongside enhanced physicochemical properties for energy harvesting and storage applications. These nanofibers were synthesized through the electrospinning technique, which enables the creation of porous fibers by the dissolution of polymers in volatile solvents. This study investigates the crystalline and chemical structures of PVDF/BF nanofibers with modified formulations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis has confirmed the presence of a rhombohedral (R3c) phase, characteristic of both BiFeO 3 and the PVDF phase. The measured fiber diameters for pure PVDF and PVDF/BF composites varied from approximately 400 nm to 950 nm. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has identified absorption bands at 410–555 cm -1 , which correspond to the functional groups of BiFeO 3 , as well as at 612–1430 cm -1 for PVDF. Moreover, Raman spectroscopy has validated molecular vibrational shifts for BiFeO 3 (4A1+9E) and PVDF within the range of 2973–2977 cm -1 . The incorporation of BiFeO 3 within the PVDF/BF nanofibers enhances the formation of the electroactive β-phase, thereby potentially improving their electrical properties.