Redox Flow Batteries for Long-Duration Energy Storage: Technology Overview, Market Status, and Sustainable Development Perspectives

With the acceleration of the global energy transition and ambitious decarbonization targets put forward by various countries, long-duration energy storage (LDES) technology, as a core technology for solving the problem of intermittency of renewable energy sources, realizing the temporal and spatial regulation of the power system as well as supporting the deep decarbonization, has received extensive attention from both the academia and the industry. LDES batteries play an important role in the integration of renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, due to their advantages of independent configuration of power and energy, high cycling efficiency and long lifetime. In this paper, we systematically sort out the mainstream liquid flow battery technology types such as vanadium, ferrochromium and zinc-bromine, analyze their technical characteristics and performance bottlenecks, and evaluate the market scale and regional development pattern, with a focus on typical. In the future, it is necessary to strengthen material innovation, system optimization and policy support to promote the progress of liquid flow battery technology towards higher performance, lower cost and wider application, and help the green transition and sustainable development of the global energy system.