Prediction of mixture toxicity of essential oil constituents using nonparametric and parametric models against <i>Musca domestica L.</i>

Parametric models provide a more accurate prediction than nonparametric ones by accounting for interactions, despite their extensive experimental data and challenges in parameter interpretation. These findings highlight that the selection of an appropriate modeling approach should be guided by the specific application: nonparametric models may be suitable for high-throughput screening of interacting combinations, whereas parametric models are more appropriate when accurate prediction is critical. Further development of modeling approaches grounded in mechanistic understanding will enable clearer integration between biological data and modeling frameworks. © 2025 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.