An unusual case of drug-induced hyperkalemia presenting as ascending paralysis: a case report and review of literature

Abstract Background Hyperkalemia is a life-threatening electrolyte disorder, primarily affecting the cardiovascular system with conditions such as atrioventricular (AV) nodal block, ventricular tachycardia, and rarely, neuromuscular paralysis. Secondary hyperkalemia often arises in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and can be exacerbated by certain medications. Hyperkalemia-induced paralysis is an extremely rare but a serious complication. Case presentation Here, we present a case of a 60-year-old woman presented with sudden-onset generalized weakness and difficulty walking. The weakness progressed to involve all four limbs and respiratory muscles, requiring mechanical ventilation. Her medical history included diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and previous kidney dysfunction, for which she had been on several medications. Initial evaluation showed severe hyperkalemia (potassium 9.6 mEq/L), respiratory acidosis, and a Glasgow coma score (GCS) of 10. ECG revealed sinus bradycardia and widened QRS complexes. Hyperkalemia was managed with anti-hyperkalemic measures, in the form of IV medications, after which patient improved drastically and was discharged home. Dialysis was considered at first but was not needed as the patient improved with medical treatment alone. Conclusions This case underscores the need to recognize rare neuromuscular presentations of hyperkalemia, as timely treatment can result in full recovery. Although rare, secondary hyperkalemic paralysis should be considered in patients presenting to ER with new-onset paralysis. Our patient showed significant improvement in muscle strength and reflexes after potassium correction.