Malignancy in Dialysis Patients—How Serious Is the Problem, Especially in Relation to Waiting List Status?

<b>Background:</b> The overall incidence of malignancy in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is reportedly higher compared to the general population. Cancer remains one of the dominant causes of death in these patients, due in part to uremia-induced impairment of tumor immune surveillance. Malignancy is one of the major limitations in the evaluation of potential kidney transplantation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of cancer in hemodialysis population, particularly in relation to the waiting list. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> From the population of 5879 prevalent hemodialysis patients (60% men), 757 of them had a history of malignancy. In this population, 449 patients were actively waitlisted, and 4619 were not considered for potential kidney transplantation. Only 54 patients had unclear status in relation to active waiting list (during evaluation/disqualification). We assessed demographic data, basal biochemical data, and comorbidities, including malignancy, in relation to age, sex, presence of metastasis, and being actively waitlisted. <b>Results:</b> Malignancy was reported in 13% of hemodialysis patients, 6% of which had metastatic disease. Patients with malignancy were older (<i>p</i> < 0.001). More cases of cancer were observed in males (<i>p</i> = 0.02), who also had higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores. Moreover, in patients with cancer, cardiovascular diseases were more common. They were also more malnourished (lower albumin, hemoglobin, lean mass) and more inflamed (higher ferritin, lower phosphorus). Only 27 patients with cancer were actively waitlisted, representing only 3.8% of this population. Patients with prior cancer on the active waiting list constituted 6% of all the waitlisted patients. Patients with a history of malignancy on the active waiting list were significantly younger, healthier, with significantly lower Charlson Comorbidity Index score, significantly lower ferritin, lower prevalence of diabetes, and higher blood pressure when compared to patients with malignancy who not listed for kidney transplantation. <b>Conclusions:</b> As malignancy became a more common comorbidity in dialysis patients, the elderly in particular, standardized cancer screening protocols should be promoted in dialysis units. Modern oncology has made huge progress, enabling the treatment of previously incurable cancers, as malignancy after kidney transplantation is considerably increased either due to de novo cancers or the recurrence of previous malignancy. Therefore, the evaluation of potential kidney transplant recipients, with tailored cancer screening and multidisciplinary evaluation, is strongly recommended. Besides a history of malignancy, the cardiovascular status also determines the eligibility for transplantation in dialysis patients. It is of paramount importance as the main cause of death in transplant recipients is cardiovascular death followed by malignancy.