The Urgency of Reformulating Digital Policing Regulations Within the Framework of E-Polmas and Police 5.0 to Address the Legal Vacuum Regarding the Use of Artificial Intelligence in the Field of Public Order and Security

The development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology has had a significant impact on the transformation of policing models in Indonesia, particularly in the context of public safety and order (kamtibmas). The concepts of Police 5.0 and Electronic Community Policing (E-Polmas) are responses to the challenges of the 5.0 Industrial Revolution era, which demands that the police operate digitally, predictively, and collaboratively with the community. However, the use of AI technology by police institutions lacks a strong legal foundation. This study found that current regulations, such as Law No. 2 of 2002 on the National Police of the Republic of Indonesia, Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, and the ITE Law, do not specifically address the governance of AI in law enforcement. This legal vacuum raises a number of issues, ranging from unclear accountability, and the risk of algorithmic discrimination, to potential human rights violations. Through a normative legal approach, this study emphasizes the urgency of reformulating digital policing regulations that must include the principles of algorithmic transparency, institutional accountability, human rights protection, and public participation. Besides, it is necessary to design new regulations that are in harmony with international standards, as well as to establish an independent supervisory commission to ensure oversight of the use of technology in police duties. Recommendations are given to lawmakers and the Indonesian National Police to immediately develop an adaptive, ethical, and progressive legal framework to ensure legal protection and the effectiveness of digital policing in the future.