People attitudes toward shrine-based faith healing in Sindh, Pakistan

Shrine-based faith healing in rural Pakistan reflects a culturally embedded, pragmatic response to economic hardship, healthcare inaccessibility, and spiritual belief systems. Rather than opposing biomedicine, such practices represent adaptive strategies where spiritual and medical approaches coexist. These findings highlight the need for culturally responsive healthcare interventions that integrate spiritual worldviews with improved access to formal services. The study underscores the need for culturally responsive health interventions that respect traditional belief systems while promoting accessible and effective medical care, particularly for marginalized populations.