Recurring diphtheria outbreaks in Nigeria: A holistic review of challenges, knowledge and strategic recommendations for control

Diphtheria is a vaccine-preventable bacterial disease that has contributed to the large number of deaths in Nigeria. There have been numerous outbreaks after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the challenges associated with this occurrence have not been well studied in Nigeria. In this study, we aimed to extensively review the challenges and knowledge gaps associated with the spread of diphtheria in Nigeria, while providing holistic approaches to tackle this menace. Several challenges have been identified contributing to the spread of diphtheria in Nigeria. These challenges were categorized into systemic, social, and environmental categories. Addressing these challenges with a holistic and multifaceted approach, as highlighted in this review, will curb the spread and eradicate diphtheria completely in Nigeria and other parts of the world.