Harnessing Biofloc Technology: A Sustainable Paradigm for Modern Aquaculture – A Review

Abstract Aquaculture has been expanding worldwide due to the emerging global population, which is needed to meet the increasing food demand of mankind. As they emerge rapidly, they create pressure on the environment through intensive resource exploitation and carbon emissions. Therefore, sustainable aquaculture technologies should be explored to resolve this issue. Biofloc technology (BFT) has emerged as a transformative approach to modern aquaculture that addresses critical challenges in productivity, environmental sustainability, and resource efficiency. By leveraging microbial processes, BFT converts nitrogenous waste into protein-rich microbial biomass, thereby enhancing nutrient recycling, water quality, and system productivity. This innovative approach minimizes reliance on conventional feed and water exchange systems, while providing a supplementary food source rich in essential amino acids, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. BFT significantly improves growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, immune responses, and survival rates in intensive aquaculture systems, demonstrating adaptability across diverse aquatic species, such as tilapia, carp, shrimp, and catfish. Despite its numerous advantages, BFT implementation faces several challenges, including the need for precise control of carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios, aeration, and energy management. Addressing these challenges through advancements in automation, real-time monitoring, and sustainable energy solutions is essential for maximizing their potential. This review examines the principles, applications, and benefits of BFT and highlights its role in enhancing water quality, optimizing stocking densities, and improving the physiological and immunological performance of cultured species. By adopting BFT, the industry can achieve a sustainable and resilient framework, meeting the global demand for aquatic proteins while minimizing the environmental impact.