Role of natural compounds in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD): a mechanistic approach

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent metabolic liver disorder that significantly elevates the risk of comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and complications from parenteral nutrition. Characterized by abnormal triglyceride accumulation in hepatocytes due to disrupted hepatic lipid metabolism, NAFLD affects approximately 24% of the global adult population. The highest regional prevalence has been reported in the Middle East (31.79%), followed by North America (30.45%), Europe (23.71%), and Africa (13.48%). Owing to its widespread incidence, diagnostic complexity, multifactorial pathogenesis, and absence of approved treatments, NAFLD presents a considerable clinical challenge. Main body This review outlines current insights into the disease’s pathophysiology and delves into the key mechanisms involved, including oxidative stress, lipid dysregulation, and insulin resistance. It also highlights the therapeutic potential of natural compounds targeting these pathways. Conclusion The study further explores medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents, emphasizing their influence on hepatic lipid metabolism and regulation of critical transcription factors. These findings suggest a promising role for phytochemicals in the management and possible mitigation of NAFLD progression. Graphical Abstract